类器官的两条路径：动态 3D 培养与微流控芯片的技术博弈

Two Paths for Organoids: The Technical Competition Between Dynamic 3D Culture and Microfluidic Chips

一、从静态局限到动态革新的两条路径 Technical Origins: Two Paths from Static Limitations to Dynamic Innovation

       类器官的概念并非凭空出现，它是对传统细胞培养技术局限性的直接回应。早期二维静态培养虽然操作简便，却无法模拟体内三维立体环境，细胞长期生长后会逐渐失去原有形态与功能 —— 肝脏细胞在培养皿中无法形成肝小叶结构，神经细胞也难以构建复杂的突触网络。这种与生理状态的脱节，使得基于二维模型的研究结果往往难以转化到体内场景，成为制约生物医药研究的关键瓶颈。

The concept of organoids did not emerge out of thin air; it is a direct response to the limitations of traditional cell culture techniques. Early two-dimensional (2D) static culture, though easy to operate, cannot simulate the in vivo three-dimensional (3D) environment. After long-term growth, cells gradually lose their original morphology and functions—hepatocytes fail to form hepatic lobule structures in petri dishes, and neurons struggle to build complex synaptic networks. This disconnect from physiological conditions means that research results based on 2D models are often difficult to translate to in vivo scenarios, becoming a key bottleneck restricting biomedical research.

       为突破这一局限，科研人员开始探索三维培养技术，而动态 3D 培养与微流控芯片技术正是在这一过程中分化出的两条核心路径。动态 3D 培养的思路源于对体内宏观物理环境的仿生 —— 人体器官在发育与功能维持过程中，始终处于动态力学环境中，血液流动产生的剪切力、组织运动带来的机械刺激，都是细胞分化与功能成熟的关键信号。苏州赛吉生物的研发团队敏锐捕捉到这一需求，其推出的 SARC 系列旋转培养系统，通过优化转速与培养容器设计，构建出无湍流、低剪切力的流体环境。在这种环境中，细胞既能避免因沉降导致的局部堆积，又能通过持续的流体接触获得充足营养，为自组装形成复杂结构创造条件。

To overcome this limitation, researchers began exploring 3D culture technologies, and dynamic 3D culture and microfluidic chip technology emerged as two core paths during this process. The idea of dynamic 3D culture stems from the bionics of the in vivo macro-physical environment—human organs are always in a dynamic mechanical environment during development and function maintenance. Shear stress from blood flow and mechanical stimulation from tissue movement are key signals for cell differentiation and functional maturation. The R&D team of Suzhou Saige Biotechnology keenly captured this demand and launched the SARC series rotating culture systems. By optimizing the rotation speedand culture vessel design, they created a turbulence-free, low-shear stress fluid environment. In this environment, cells can avoid local accumulation due to sedimentation and obtain sufficient nutrients through continuous fluid contact, creating conditions for self-assembly into complex structures.

       DARC 系列微重力模拟培养系统则进一步拓展了动态培养的边界。它通过双轴回转技术打破常规重力场限制，使细胞处于 “重力矢量平均化” 的特殊状态，模拟出 10⁻³g 至 6g 的变重力环境。这种设计的灵感来源于太空生物学研究 —— 科学家发现，微重力环境下细胞间作用力会成为主导因素，更易形成接近体内发育时序的组织结构。在胚胎类器官培养中，DARC 系统模拟的微重力环境能让干细胞按基因调控的顺序逐步分化，形成具有内、中、外三胚层特征的类囊胚结构，而这在常规重力培养中几乎难以实现。

The DARC series microgravity simulation culture systems further expand the boundaries of dynamic culture. Using dual-axis rotation technology, they break the limitations of conventional gravity fields, placing cells in a special state of "gravity vector averaging" and simulating a variable gravity environment from 10⁻³g to 6g. This design is inspired by space biology research—scientists found that intercellular forces become the dominant factor in microgravity, making it easier to form tissue structures close to the in vivo developmental timeline. In embryonic organoid culture, the microgravity environment simulated by the DARC system allows stem cells to differentiate sequentially according to genetic regulation, forming blastocyst-like structures with endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm characteristics, which is almost impossible in conventional gravity culture.

       微流控芯片技术的起源则带有更强的工程学色彩。它脱胎于微电子制造技术，核心思路是 “将实验室微型化到芯片上”。20 世纪末，随着微加工技术的成熟，科研人员开始尝试在芯片上构建微型通道、反应室，实现对流体与细胞的精准操控。早期微流控芯片主要用于化学分析，直到 21 世纪初，生物学家才发现其在细胞培养领域的潜力 —— 微米级的通道尺寸与人体毛细血管直径相近，能够构建出接近生理状态的微环境；精准的流体控制能力则可以模拟体内物质交换过程，为细胞生长提供稳定的营养梯度与信号分子浓度。

Microfluidic chip technology has a stronger engineering origin. Derived from microelectronic manufacturing technology, its core idea is to "miniaturize laboratories onto chips." In the late 20th century, with the maturity of microfabrication technology, researchers began to build microchannels and reaction chambers on chips to achieve precise control of fluids and cells. Early microfluidic chips were mainly used for chemical analysis; it was not until the early 21st century that biologists discovered their potential in cell culture—micron-scale channel sizes are similar to human capillaries, enabling the construction of microenvironments close to physiological conditions; precise fluid control can simulate in vivo material exchange processes, providing stable nutrient gradients and signaling molecule concentrations for cell growth.

       两种技术路径的分化，本质上是对 “体外仿生” 理解的差异：动态 3D 培养以 “还原宏观生理环境” 为核心，通过力学信号调控引导细胞自然生长；微流控芯片则以 “工程化构建微观环境” 为导向，通过精准操控实现对细胞生长条件的精细调控。这种差异不仅决定了它们的技术特征，也为后续的应用场景划分埋下了伏笔。

The differentiation of the two technical paths essentially reflects different understandings of "in vitro bionics": dynamic 3D culture focuses on "restoring the macro-physiological environment," guiding natural cell growth through mechanical signal regulation; microfluidic chips are oriented toward "engineering the microenvironment," achieving precise control of cell growth conditions through accurate manipulation. This difference not only determines their technical characteristics but also lays the groundwork for the subsequent division of application scenarios.

二、自然生长与精确控制的技术分野The Technical Divide Between Natural Growth and Precise Control

       在类器官培养过程中，“如何构建仿生微环境” 是两种技术路径的核心分歧点，这种分歧背后是截然不同的仿生哲学 —— 动态 3D 培养追求 “自然生长”，而微流控芯片则强调 “精确控制”。

In the process of organoid culture, "how to construct a bionic microenvironment" is the core divergence between the two technical paths, and behind this divergence lies distinctly different bionic philosophies: dynamic 3D culture pursues "natural growth," while microfluidic chips emphasize "precise control."

       动态 3D 培养的核心优势在于为细胞提供了自由生长的空间。以苏州赛吉生物的 SARC-P 灌流旋转培养系统为例，其培养容器采用特殊的设计，内部完全充满培养液，通过大面积气体交换膜实现氧气与二氧化碳的高效交换。这种设计从根本上消除了传统培养中气泡对细胞的损伤，也避免了机械搅拌产生的湍流对细胞自组装的干扰。在培养皮肤类器官时，真皮成纤维细胞与角质形成细胞在这种低剪切力环境中可自由碰撞、黏附，逐渐形成核壳式结构 —— 核心为富含胶原的真皮样组织，外层则分化出多层表皮细胞，最终形成具有角质层的完整皮肤类器官结构。这种自组装过程完全依赖细胞自身的生物学特性，与体内皮肤发育过程高度相似，因此形成的类器官在结构与功能上都更接近天然皮肤。

The core advantage of dynamic 3D culture is providing a free growth space for cells. Taking Suzhou Saige Biotechnology’s SARC-P Perfusion Rotating Cell Culture System as an example, its culture vessel adopts a special design, fully filled with culture medium, and achieves efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through a large-area gas exchange membrane. This design fundamentally eliminates cell damage caused by bubbles in traditional culture and avoids turbulence from mechanical stirring interfering with cell self-assembly. When culturing skin organoids, dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes can freely collide and adhere in this low-shear stress environment, gradually forming a core-shell structure—the core is collagen-rich dermal-like tissue, and the outer layer differentiates into multiple layers of epidermal cells, eventually forming a complete skin organoid structure with a stratum corneum. This self-assembly process relies entirely on the biological characteristics of the cells themselves, highly resembling the in vivo skin development process, so the resulting organoids are closer to natural skin in both structure and function.

       DARC 微重力模拟培养系统则将 “自然生长” 的理念推向了极致。在微重力环境下，细胞摆脱了重力沉降的影响，细胞间的黏附力、信号分子的扩散梯度成为影响自组装的主要因素。在肾脏类器官培养中，DARC 系统模拟的微重力环境能让肾祖细胞按体内发育的时序逐步分化，形成肾小球样和肾小管样结构。更重要的是，这些结构不仅在形态上与体内相似，还能展现出一定的生理功能 —— 在加入抗利尿激素后，肾小管样结构能主动吸收水分，调节培养液的渗透压，这种功能响应与体内肾脏的水盐平衡调节机制一致。研究表明，这种功能的实现与微重力环境激活的 Wnt 信号通路密切相关，该通路在动态培养过程中持续处于活跃状态，直接促进了肾组织特异性基因的表达与功能成熟。

The DARC microgravity simulation culture system takes the concept of "natural growth" to the extreme. In a microgravity environment, cells are free from the effects of gravitational sedimentation, and intercellular adhesion forces and diffusion gradients of signaling molecules become the main factors affecting self-assembly. In kidney organoid culture, the microgravity environment simulated by the DARC system allows renal progenitor cells to differentiate sequentially according to the in vivo developmental timeline, forming glomerulus-like and renal tubule-like structures. More importantly, these structures not only resemble their in vivo counterparts in morphology but also exhibit certain physiological functions—after the addition of antidiuretic hormone, the renal tubule-like structures can actively absorb water and regulate the osmotic pressure of the culture medium, a functional response consistent with the water-salt balance regulation mechanism of the in vivo kidney. Studies have shown that the realization of this function is closely related to the Wnt signaling pathway activated by the microgravity environment, which remains active during dynamic culture, directly promoting the expression of kidney tissue-specific genes and functional maturation.

       与动态 3D 培养的 “放任生长” 不同，微流控芯片的仿生哲学是 “精确控制”。它通过工程化设计，将细胞生长所需的微环境拆解为可独立调控的单元，如流体流速、营养浓度、物理结构等，再通过芯片内部的微通道网络将这些单元整合，构建出高度可控的培养环境。荷兰研究团队开发的模块化微流控平台是这一理念的典型代表，该平台采用乐高式的积木设计，将细胞培养室、储液单元、检测模块等组件通过标准化接口连接，研究人员可根据不同类器官的培养需求，灵活组合不同模块，实现培养条件的个性化定制。

Unlike the "unrestricted growth" of dynamic 3D culture, the bionic philosophy of microfluidic chips is "precise control." Through engineering design, it decomposes the microenvironment required for cell growth into independently controllable units, such as fluid flow rate, nutrient concentration, and physical structure, and then integrates these units through the microchannel network inside the chip to construct a highly controllable culture environment. A modular microfluidic platform developed by a Dutch research team is a typical representative of this concept. Adopting a Lego-like building block design, the platform connects components such as cell culture chambers, fluid storage units, and detection modules through standardized interfaces. Researchers can flexibly combine different modules according to the culture needs of different organoids to achieve personalized customization of culture conditions.

       在血脑屏障类器官培养中，微流控芯片的精确控制优势展现得淋漓尽致。研究人员将脑微血管内皮细胞与神经胶质细胞分别接种到芯片的两个相邻培养室中，两室之间通过多孔膜分隔，膜两侧则通过微通道形成稳定的流体流动。这种设计模拟了体内血脑屏障的结构 —— 微血管内皮细胞在膜的一侧形成紧密连接，神经胶质细胞在另一侧提供支持信号，而流体流动则模拟了血液与脑组织间的物质交换过程。通过调节流体流速（通常控制在 0.5-2μL/min），可精准调控内皮细胞受到的剪切力，诱导其形成更紧密的连接结构。最终形成的血脑屏障类器官，其跨上皮电阻值（TEER）可达 2000Ω・cm² 以上，与体内血脑屏障的生理水平相当，这一指标在动态 3D 培养的均一环境中几乎无法实现。

In the culture of blood-brain barrier (BBB) organoids, the advantage of precise control of microfluidic chips is fully demonstrated. Researchers seed brain microvascular endothelial cells and glial cells into two adjacent culture chambers of the chip, separated by a porous membrane. Stable fluid flow is formed on both sides of the membrane through microchannels. This design simulates the structure of the in vivo BBB—microvascular endothelial cells form tight junctions on one side of the membrane, glial cells provide support signals on the other side, and fluid flow simulates the material exchange process between blood and brain tissue. By adjusting the fluid flow rate (usually controlled at 0.5-2 μL/min), the shear stress on endothelial cells can be precisely regulated, inducing them to form tighter junction structures. The final BBB organoids can achieve a transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of over 2000 Ω·cm², equivalent to the physiological level of the in vivo BBB—an indicator almost impossible to achieve in the homogeneous environment of dynamic 3D culture.

       微流控芯片的精确控制还体现在对化学信号的调控上。流控芯片可在类器官培养区域构建线性的药物浓度梯度，这种梯度模拟了药物在体内组织中的扩散过程。在肠道类器官研究中，科研人员利用该芯片在类器官一侧构建了从 0 到 10μM 的药物浓度梯度，清晰观察到不同浓度药物对肠道上皮细胞紧密连接的影响 —— 低浓度药物仅轻微破坏连接结构，而高浓度药物则导致连接完全解体。这种浓度依赖性效应的观察，为研究药物毒性的作用机制提供了直接证据，而在动态 3D 培养的均一环境中，由于药物浓度在整个体系中保持一致，无法实现这种精细的剂量效应分析。

The precise control of microfluidic chips is also reflected in the regulation of chemical signals. The microfluidic chip can construct a linear drug concentration gradient in the organoid culture area, simulating the diffusion process of drugs in in vivo tissues. In intestinal organoid research, researchers used this chip to construct a drug concentration gradient from 0 to 10 μM on one side of the organoids, clearly observing the effect of different drug concentrations on the tight junctions of intestinal epithelial cells—low concentrations slightly disrupted the junction structure, while high concentrations caused complete disintegration. The observation of this concentration-dependent effect provides direct evidence for studying the mechanism of drug toxicity. In the homogeneous environment of dynamic 3D culture, however, such fine dose-response analysis is impossible because the drug concentration remains consistent throughout the system.

       两种仿生哲学的差异，决定了它们在类器官培养中的适用场景：当研究需要模拟器官自然发育过程、构建结构完整的类器官时，动态 3D 培养是更优选择；而当研究聚焦于解析特定信号分子的作用机制、分析药物的浓度依赖性效应时，微流控芯片则更具优势。这种差异并非对立关系，而是对 “仿生” 不同维度的追求，为科研人员提供了多样化的技术选择。

The difference between the two bionic philosophies determines their applicable scenarios in organoid culture: when research requires simulating the natural organ development process and constructing structurally complete organoids, dynamic 3D culture is the better choice; when research focuses on analyzing the mechanism of action of specific signaling molecules or the concentration-dependent effects of drugs, microfluidic chips are more advantageous. This difference is not an opposition but a pursuit of different dimensions of "bionics," providing researchers with diverse technical options.

三、疾病研究与药物研发的技术适配Application Scenarios: Technical Adaptation in Disease Research and Drug Development

       随着技术的成熟，动态 3D 培养与微流控芯片在应用场景上逐渐形成了各自的优势领域，这种适配性源于它们的技术特性与不同研究需求的匹配度。

With the maturity of technologies, dynamic 3D culture and microfluidic chips have gradually formed their own advantageous fields in application scenarios, and this adaptability stems from the matching between their technical characteristics and different research needs.

1、动态 3D 培养，长期培养与规模化制备的优势场景Dynamic 3D Culture: Advantageous Scenarios for Long-Term Culture and Large-Scale Preparation

       动态 3D 培养的规模化优势还使其在高通量药物筛选中具有广阔应用前景。在肝脏类器官药物毒性测试中，SARC 旋转培养系统可同时培养数百个肝脏类器官，每个类器官均可作为一个独立的测试单元。研究人员将不同浓度的药物加入培养体系后，通过检测类器官释放的乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）水平评估药物毒性。由于类器官具有高度均一性，测试结果的重复性显著提升，大大降低了筛选过程中的假阳性与假阴性率。这种高通量筛选能力，为药物研发早期的毒性评估提供了高效、可靠的平台。

The large-scale advantage of dynamic 3D culture also gives it broad application prospects in high-throughput drug screening. In liver organoid drug toxicity testing, the SARC rotating culture system can culture hundreds of liver organoids simultaneously, with each organoid serving as an independent test unit. After adding drugs of different concentrations to the culture system, researchers evaluate drug toxicity by detecting the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released by organoids. Due to the high uniformity of organoids, the repeatability of test results is significantly improved, greatly reducing the false positive and false negative rates in the screening process. This high-throughput screening capability provides an efficient and reliable platform for toxicity assessment in the early stage of drug development.

2、微流控芯片：精细机制与多器官交互的研究利器Microfluidic Chips: Powerful Tools for Fine Mechanism and Multi-Organ Interaction Research

       微流控芯片的精确控制能力使其成为解析疾病机制的理想工具。在神经退行性疾病研究中，科学家们一直难以模拟大脑中淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）的沉积过程与毒性效应。研究人员将神经类器官接种到芯片的培养室中，通过微通道向类器官持续输送低浓度的 Aβ 寡聚体，并精确控制其浓度梯度与作用时间。在这种精准调控的环境中，研究人员清晰观察到 Aβ 寡聚体首先与神经细胞的突触结合，导致突触功能受损，随后逐渐进入细胞内部，引发氧化应激反应与细胞凋亡。这一过程与体内阿尔茨海默病的病理进展高度一致，为理解疾病机制提供了直接的可视化证据（Ioannidis K, et al. Nature Protocols 2025）。

The precise control capability of microfluidic chips makes them ideal tools for analyzing disease mechanisms. In neurodegenerative disease research, scientists have long struggled to simulate the deposition process and toxic effects of amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the brain. Researchers seed neural organoids into the chip’s culture chamber, continuously deliver low concentrations of Aβ oligomers to the organoids through microchannels, and precisely control their concentration gradient and action time. In this precisely regulated environment, researchers clearly observed that Aβ oligomers first bind to the synapses of nerve cells, impairing synaptic function, then gradually enter the cell interior, triggering oxidative stress and apoptosis. This process is highly consistent with the pathological progression of Alzheimer’s disease in vivo, providing direct visual evidence for understanding the disease mechanism (Ioannidis K, et al. Nature Protocols 2025).

       微流控芯片的另一大优势在于构建多器官共培养系统，模拟体内器官间的相互作用。在 “肠 - 肝轴” 药物代谢研究中，研究人员将肠道类器官与肝脏类器官分别接种到微流控芯片的两个培养室中，通过微通道将两室连接，形成模拟体内肠道吸收 - 肝脏代谢的完整通路。当药物通过肠道类器官区域时，肠道上皮细胞会将其吸收并转化为初级代谢产物，这些产物通过微通道进入肝脏类器官区域，被肝细胞进一步代谢为次级产物。研究人员可通过芯片集成的检测模块，实时监测药物及其代谢产物在两个器官中的浓度变化，这种动态监测能力为解析药物的 “肠 - 肝轴” 代谢机制提供了前所未有的便利。

Another major advantage of microfluidic chips is the construction of multi-organ co-culture systems to simulate interactions between organs in vivo. In "gut-liver axis" drug metabolism research, researchers seed intestinal organoids and liver organoids into two culture chambers of a microfluidic chip, connecting the two chambers through microchannels to form a complete pathway simulating in vivo intestinal absorption-liver metabolism. When drugs pass through the intestinal organoid region, intestinal epithelial cells absorb and convert them into primary metabolites, which enter the liver organoid region through microchannels and are further metabolized into secondary metabolites by hepatocytes. Researchers can use the chip-integrated detection module to real-time monitor the concentration changes of drugs and their metabolites in the two organs. This dynamic monitoring capability provides unprecedented convenience for analyzing the "gut-liver axis" metabolism mechanism of drugs.

       在心血管疾病研究领域，微流控芯片的应用更是展现出独特价值。中国科学家近期完成的太空血管组织芯片实验，是这一领域的标志性成果。这款仅有 U 盘大小的芯片，内部集成了由人体干细胞分化形成的动脉血管类器官，通过微通道模拟血液流动，使血管类器官在芯片中保持规律的收缩与舒张功能。在太空微重力环境中，研究人员观察到血管类器官的平滑肌细胞增殖速率加快，血管壁厚度增加，这一变化与长期航天飞行导致的宇航员心血管功能失调现象一致。该实验不仅验证了微流控芯片在太空环境中的适用性，也为研究微重力对人体心血管系统的影响提供了全新的体外模型。

In the field of cardiovascular disease research, the application of microfluidic chips shows unique value. The space vascular tissue chip experiment recently completed by Chinese scientists is a landmark achievement in this field. This chip, only the size of a USB flash drive, integrates arterial vascular organoids differentiated from human stem cells. Through microchannels simulating blood flow, the vascular organoids maintain regular contraction and relaxation functions in the chip. In the space microgravity environment, researchers observed that the proliferation rate of smooth muscle cells in vascular organoids increased and the vascular wall thickness increased—this change is consistent with the cardiovascular dysfunction of astronauts caused by long-term spaceflight. This experiment not only verifies the applicability of microfluidic chips in the space environment but also provides a new in vitro model for studying the impact of microgravity on the human cardiovascular system.

       两种技术在应用场景上的差异，本质上是技术特性与研究需求的匹配结果。动态 3D 培养的规模化、长期培养能力，使其更适合开展高通量筛选、罕见病模型构建等需要大量均一类器官的研究；而微流控芯片的精确控制、多器官共培养能力，则使其在疾病机制解析、药物代谢研究等需要精细调控的场景中更具优势。这种场景分化不仅没有导致技术竞争，反而形成了互补，共同推动着类器官研究向更广阔的领域拓展。

The difference in application scenarios between the two technologies essentially results from the matching of technical characteristics and research needs. The large-scale and long-term culture capabilities of dynamic 3D culture make it more suitable for research requiring a large number of uniform organoids, such as high-throughput screening and rare disease model construction; the precise control and multi-organ co-culture capabilities of microfluidic chips make them more advantageous in scenarios requiring fine regulation, such as disease mechanism analysis and drug metabolism research. This scenario differentiation has not led to technical competition but has formed a complementarity, jointly promoting the expansion of organoid research into broader fields.

四、各自面临的挑战与局限

       两种技术面临的瓶颈虽然表现形式不同，但本质上都指向 “如何进一步提升类器官的生理还原度与应用实用性” 这一核心目标。动态 3D 培养需要在保持自然生长优势的同时，提升培养过程的可控性；而微流控芯片则需要在维持精确控制能力的基础上，降低成本、提升生物学仿生度。这些瓶颈的存在，既是技术发展的障碍，也是未来创新的方向，推动着科研人员不断探索新的技术方案。

Although the bottlenecks faced by the two technologies are manifested differently, they essentially point to the core goal of "how to further improve the physiological relevance and application practicality of organoids." Dynamic 3D culture needs to improve the controllability of the culture process while maintaining the advantages of natural growth; microfluidic chips need to reduce costs and improve biological bionic degree while maintaining precise control capabilities. The existence of these bottlenecks is not only an obstacle to technological development but also a direction for future innovation, driving researchers to continuously explore new technical solutions.

五、技术互补与创新突破

V. Integration Trend: Technical Complementarity and Innovative Breakthroughs

       面对各自的技术瓶颈，动态 3D 培养与微流控芯片技术并没有沿着独立路径继续发展，而是呈现出明显的融合趋势。科研人员逐渐意识到，将两种技术的优势结合，可能是突破现有局限、构建更高生理还原度类器官模型的关键。

Facing their respective technical bottlenecks, dynamic 3D culture and microfluidic chip technology have not continued to develop along independent paths but have shown an obvious integration trend. Researchers have gradually realized that combining the advantages of the two technologies may be the key to breaking through existing limitations and constructing organoid models with higher physiological relevance.

       这种融合首先体现在动态 3D 培养系统对 “精确控制” 元素的引入。苏州赛吉生物在其最新推出的 DARC-S10 三维灌流变重力模拟细胞培养工作站中，集成了微流控灌流模块，实现了宏观重力环境与微观流体调控的协同。该系统不仅能模拟 10⁻³g 至 6g 的变重力环境，还能通过微流控模块精确控制培养液的流速（0-350ml/min 可调）与营养浓度。在肝脏类器官培养中，研究人员通过微流控模块向培养体系中持续输送低浓度的生长因子，同时利用 DARC 系统的微重力环境促进细胞自组装。结果显示，这种协同调控不仅提升了肝脏类器官的均一性。这种融合设计，既保留了动态 3D 培养的自然生长优势，又通过微流控技术弥补了可控性不足的缺陷。

This integration is first reflected in the introduction of "precise control" elements into dynamic 3D culture systems. Suzhou Saige Biotechnology has integrated a microfluidic perfusion module into its newly launched DARC-S10 3D Perfusion Variable Gravity Simulation Cell Culture Workstation, realizing the synergy between macro-gravity environment and micro-fluid regulation. The system can not only simulate a variable gravity environment from 10⁻³g to 6g but also precisely control the flow rate (adjustable from 0 to 350 ml/min) and nutrient concentration of the culture medium through the microfluidic module. In liver organoid culture, researchers continuously deliver low concentrations of growth factors into the culture system through the microfluidic module, while using the microgravity environment of the DARC system to promote cell self-assembly. The results show that this synergistic regulation not only improves the uniformity of liver organoids. This integrated design not only retains the natural growth advantages of dynamic 3D culture but also makes up for the deficiency of insufficient controllability through microfluidic technology.

      DARC-S10 系统还在自动化与标准化方面进行了升级，其配备的用户分级权限控制、全封闭工艺过程以及实验数据自动记录与导出功能，完全符合 GMP 与 GLP 的要求。这种设计解决了传统动态培养中操作流程不统一、数据记录不规范的问题，为类器官培养的标准化提供了技术支持。在临床样本的药敏测试中，标准化的操作流程能确保不同批次、不同实验室间的实验结果具有可比性，这对于推动类器官技术向临床应用转化至关重要。

The DARC-S10 system has also been upgraded in automation and standardization. Equipped with user-level permission control, fully closed process, and automatic recording and export of experimental data, it fully meets the requirements of GMP and GLP. This design solves the problems of inconsistent operation procedures and non-standard data recording in traditional dynamic culture, providing technical support for the standardization of organoid culture. In drug sensitivity testing of clinical samples, standardized operation procedures can ensure the comparability of experimental results between different batches and laboratories, which is crucial for promoting the translation of organoid technology to clinical applications.

       技术融合的本质，是两种技术路径在解决自身瓶颈过程中的必然选择。动态 3D 培养需要通过引入微流控的精确控制来提升标准化、可控性；而微流控芯片则需要借助动态培养的力学刺激、规模化制备来提升生物学仿生度与实用性。这种融合不仅没有消除技术差异，反而通过优势互补，创造出更具竞争力的新型培养技术，推动类器官研究向更高生理还原度、更广泛应用场景迈进。

The essence of technology integration is the inevitable choice of the two technical paths in solving their own bottlenecks. Dynamic 3D culture needs to improve standardization and controllability by introducing the precise control of microfluidics; microfluidic chips need to improve biological bionic degree and practicality by virtue of the mechanical stimulation and large-scale preparation of dynamic culture. This integration not only does not eliminate technical differences but also creates a more competitive new culture technology through complementary advantages, promoting organoid research toward higher physiological relevance and broader application scenarios.

六、从实验室到临床的跨越与融合Future Prospects: Leap from Laboratory to Clinic and Integration

       随着技术的不断突破与融合，动态 3D 培养与微流控芯片技术正从实验室研究逐步向临床应用、产业化方向拓展，它们的发展不仅将改变生物医药研究的格局，也将为疾病治疗、药物研发带来革命性的变化。

With continuous technological breakthroughs and integration, dynamic 3D culture and microfluidic chip technology are gradually expanding from laboratory research to clinical applications and industrialization. Their development will not only change the pattern of biomedical research but also bring revolutionary changes to disease treatment and drug development.

       在临床应用领域，类器官技术的首要突破方向是 “个性化医疗”。动态 3D 培养的规模化制备能力，使其在患者来源类器官（PDO）的构建中具有天然优势。苏州赛吉生物的 SARC-P 灌流旋转培养系统，可从患者的少量肿瘤组织中快速制备大量均一的肿瘤类器官，这些类器官保留了患者肿瘤的基因突变特征与药物敏感性。在临床治疗中，医生可利用这些类器官进行体外药敏测试，在短时间内筛选出最适合患者的化疗药物或靶向药物，实现 “精准用药。

In the field of clinical applications, the primary breakthrough direction of organoid technology is "personalized medicine." The large-scale preparation capability of dynamic 3D culture gives it a natural advantage in the construction of patient-derived organoids (PDOs). Suzhou Saige Biotechnology’s SARC-P Perfusion Rotating Cell Culture System can quickly prepare a large number of uniform tumor organoids from a small amount of patient tumor tissue, and these organoids retain the gene mutation characteristics and drug sensitivity of the patient’s tumor. In clinical treatment, doctors can use these organoids for in vitro drug sensitivity testing, screening out the most suitable chemotherapy drugs or targeted drugs for patients in a short time to achieve "precision medicine."

       微流控芯片技术则在 “体外诊断” 领域展现出巨大潜力。其微型化、集成化的特点，使其非常适合开发便携式诊断设备。研究人员正基于微流控芯片技术，开发 “类器官诊断芯片”—— 将患者的细胞在芯片上培养成类器官，通过芯片集成的传感器实时监测类器官对特定刺激的响应，实现疾病的快速诊断。在阿尔茨海默病诊断中，该芯片可通过检测神经类器官对 Aβ 寡聚体的反应，早期识别患者的神经细胞损伤情况，为疾病的早期干预提供依据。这种诊断方法不仅具有高特异性、高灵敏度的优势，还能避免传统诊断方法对患者的侵入性损伤，具有广阔的临床应用前景。

Microfluidic chip technology shows great potential in the field of "in vitro diagnosis." Its miniaturization and integration characteristics make it very suitable for the development of portable diagnostic devices. Researchers are developing "organoid diagnostic chips" based on microfluidic chip technology—seeding patient cells on chips to form organoids, and real-time monitoring the response of organoids to specific stimuli through chip-integrated sensors to achieve rapid disease diagnosis. In Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis, the chip can detect the response of neural organoids to Aβ oligomers to early identify the nerve cell damage of patients, providing a basis for early intervention of the disease. This diagnostic method not only has the advantages of high specificity and high sensitivity but also avoids invasive damage to patients caused by traditional diagnostic methods, having broad clinical application prospects.

       2022 年年底，美国 FDA 发布的 “不再强制要求新药必须在动物上进行试验” 的政策，是类器官技术在药物研发领域应用的重要里程碑。这一政策不仅为类器官模型的推广提供了政策支持，也将进一步推动动态 3D 培养与微流控芯片技术在药物研发中的规模化应用。预计未来 5-10 年，基于类器官的药物筛选将成为临床前研究的主流方法，彻底改变传统药物研发的流程。

At the end of 2022, the U.S. FDA issued a policy stating that "new drugs are no longer required to be tested on animals," which is an important milestone in the application of organoid technology in drug development. This policy not only provides policy support for the promotion of organoid models but also further promotes the large-scale application of dynamic 3D culture and microfluidic chip technology in drug development. It is expected that in the next 5-10 years, organoid-based drug screening will become the mainstream method in preclinical research, completely changing the process of traditional drug development.

       从苏州赛吉生物实验室里旋转的培养容器，到太空舱中运转的微流控芯片，动态 3D 培养与微流控芯片技术正以各自的路径、共同的目标，推动着人类对生命奥秘的探索。它们的发展历程证明，技术的进步并非单一路径的线性前进，而是不同技术路径在碰撞、融合中共同演进的过程。未来，随着两种技术的进一步融合与创新，类器官将不仅是体外研究的工具，更将成为连接实验室与临床的桥梁，为人类健康事业带来前所未有的机遇。

From the rotating culture vessels in the laboratory of Suzhou Saige Biotechnology to the microfluidic chips operating in space capsules, dynamic 3D culture and microfluidic chip technology are promoting human exploration of the mysteries of life with their respective paths and common goals. Their development history proves that technological progress is not a linear advancement of a single path but a process of joint evolution of different technical paths through collision and integration. In the future, with further integration and innovation of the two technologies, organoids will not only be tools for in vitro research but also become a bridge connecting laboratories and clinics, bringing unprecedented opportunities to the cause of human health.

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